nikaat.e.suKhan
By : Sarwar Raz Sarwar



5.1: ibtidaa'iya

zer.e.nazar mazmoon meiN :aazaad: shaa'iree se mutlaq ko'ee beHs naheeN kee jaayegee. paaband shaa'iree kee manzoomaat (Ghazal, nazm, qaseeda, qita', rubaa'ee vaGhaira) ke her she'r ke donoN misroN kaa ham.vazn honaa aik laazimee shart hai. vazn kee Ghair.mojoodigee meiN yeh manzoomaat aur kuChh bhale hee hoN, un kaa shumaar shaa'iree meiN mutlaq naheeN ho saktaa hai. aik misre ke majmoo'ee vazn ko :beHr: kehte haiN aur beHr ke ajzaa yaa tukRon ko :arkaan: yaa :afaa'eel: kaa naam diyaa gayaa hai. nikaat.e.suKhan kee piChhlee iqsaat meiN afaa'eel per mufassil beHs ho chukee hai. afaa'eel ta'daad meiN aaTh (8) haiN:

(1) faa-i-laa-tun
(2) mu-ta-faa-i-lun
(3) mus-taf-i-lun
(4) mu-faa-ee-lun
(5) mu-faa-i-la-tun
(6) maf-oo-laat
(7) faa-i-lun
(8) fa-oo-lun

in saalim afaa'eel ke ziHaafaat, in ke istaimaal se shakl.pazeer hone vaalee buHoor vaGhaira kaa iss se qabl mufassil zikr ho chukaa hai. she'r ke ajzaa ko alag alag kar ke un ko parakhne aur un kee darja.bandee neez buHoor kee jaaNchne aur parakhne kaa amal :taqtee': kehlaataa hai. her fun kee taraH taqtee' ke bhee usool aur sharaa'it haiN jin per amal zarooree hai. zer.e.nazar mazmoon meiN chand aise usool per beHs maqsood hai jin kee taraf aam taur per dhyaan naheeN diyaa jaataa hai aur jin se daanistah yaa naa. daanista roo.gardaanee na sirf aasaan hai bal.k Ghalatee kaa baa'is bhee ho saktee hai. yahaaN Urdu me muKhtalif Huroof.e.tahajjee kee shakloN, aavaazoN aur istaimaal kaa zikr aur tajziya kiyaa jaayegaa aur un kee taqtee' ke usool misaaloN ke saath vaazeH kiye jaayeN ge.

5.2: Huroof kee iqsaam

Urdu teHreer meiN Huroof.e.tahajjee (alphabet) kee taqseem un kee adaa'igee ke tareeqe kee buniyaad per kee jaatee hai aur isee ko taqtee' meiN bhee istaimaal kiyaa jaataa hai. Huroof do (2) qism ke hote haiN:

(a) mutaHarrik: ya'nee voh Huroof jin kee adaa'igee kisee Harakat (zabar, zer, pesh) se kee jaaye.

(b) saakin: ya'nee voh Huroof jo Ghair.mutaHarrik haiN. in ke ooper kabhee kabhee :jazm: kaa nishaan lagaa diyaa jaataa hai. misaal ke taur per lafz :ulfat: meiN :laam: aur :te: saakin haiN aur baaqee sab Huroof mutaHarrik haiN.

ashaa'r kee taqtee' ke Havaale se Huroof kee taqseem kaa aik aur tareeqa qaabil.e.zikr hai. iss taqseem ke mutaabiq bhee Huroof do (2) qism ke hote haiN:

(a) malfoozee: ya'nee aise Huroof jin kee aavaaz un kee adaa'igee meiN saaf zaahir hotee hai. maslan lafz :ulfat: kaa her Harf (alif, laam, fey, tey) bolne meiN adaa kiyaa jaataa hai, chunaache yeh Huroof :malfoozee: haiN.

(b) maktoobee: ya'nee voh Huroof jo likhe to jaate haiN lekin bolne meiN zabaan se adaa naheeN kiye jaate haiN. maslan lafz :bilkul: likhaa to :baalkul: (bey, alif, laam, kaaf, laam) jaataa hai lekin uss kee adaa'igee meiN alif zaban se naheeN kahaa jaataa hai. isee tarah ham likhte :Khooshee: (Khe, vav, sheen, ye) haiN aur paRhte :Khushee: haiN jaise :vav: mojood hee na ho aur :Khe: per pesh ho. In misaaloN meiN :alif: aur :vav: maktoobee Huroof haiN. jaisaa k aage zikr aa'yegaa taqtee' meiN sirf Huroof.e.malfoozee shumaar kiye jaate haiN aur maktoobee Huroof nazar.andaaz kar diye jaate haiN. chunaanche :fil.Haqeeqat: (fey, ye, alif, laam, Hey, qaaf, ye, qaaf, te) kee pehlee :ye: aur :alif-laam: ko shumaar naheeN karte haiN. tafseel aage aa rahee hai.

5.3: muKhtalif Huroof aur un kee taqtee' ke usool

ab chand Huroof ke istaimaal kee baareekiyaaN aur taqtee' meiN un ko shumaar karne yaa na karne ke qavaa'id bayaan kiye jaate haiN.

5.3.1: Huroof.e.illat (vowels): Urdu meiN teen (3) Huroof.e.illat haiN. ( :alif, vav, ye:). yeh jab iss taraH istaimaal hoN k in kee aavaaz zaraa dab kar nikle aur pooree taraH adaa na ho to in ko taqtee' meiN shumaar naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai. maslan :jo (jeem, vav), ke (kaaf, Ye), ne (noon, Ye), se (seen, Ye), hee (hey, ye) ko iss taraH adaa kiyaa jaa saktaa hai: jaise :jeem: ke ooper pesh, aur :kaaf, noon, seen, hey: ke neeche zer hoN. misaal ke liye yeh she'r dekhiye:

ham ne maanaa k taGhaaful na karo ge lekin
Khaak ho jaayeN ge ham tum ko Khabar hone tak (Ghalib)

iss kee taqtee' meiN :ne: ko yooN adaa kareN ge jaise :noon: per zer hai. chunaanche taqtee' yooN ho gee:

faa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laa-tun fa-lun

ham n< maanaa k ta-Ghaaful n> karo ge ley kin

(yahaan n< se muraad noon per zer aur n> se muraad noon per zabar hai. pesh ke liye ^ istaimaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hai.)

lekin agar Huroof.e.illat saaf aur zaahir taur per bole jaayeN to un ko taqtee' meiN shumaar kiyaa jaaye gaa aur un ke liye afaa'eel meiN aik aavaaz muKhtas kee jaaye gee, maslan:

uss ne kahaa too kaun hai maiN ne kahaa shedaa tiraa

mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun

uss ne kahaa too kaun hai maiN ne kahaa shedaa tiraa

dekhiye k yahaaN :ne: ke liye :taf: kee aavaaz muKhtas kar dee gayee hai.

5.3.2: Harf :hey: kee taqtee' : Urdu meiN do (2) taraH kee :hey: musta'mil hai.

(a) haa'e.maKhloot: pehlee qism kee :hey: ko haa'e.maKhloot (=milee julee) kehte haiN aur yeh :do.chashmee.hey: bhee kehlaatee hai. yeh :hey: lafz ke shuroo yaa aaKhir meiN aatee hai aur doosre Huroof ke saath milaa kar paRhee jaatee hai, maslan :ghar, bharna, aaNkh:. taqtee' meiN haa'e.maKhloot shumaar naheeN hotee hai kyoN k iss kee ko'ee alag aavaaz naheeN hai. chunaanche jahaaN tak taqtee' kaa ta'alluq hai :ghar: aur :gar:, :sadhaa: (=trained) aur :sadaa: (=hamesha) meiN ko'ee farq naheeN hai. misaal dekhiye:

iss ghar ko aag lag gayee ghar ke chiraaGh se

mus-taf-i-lun mu-faa-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun fa-ul

iss ghar ko aa g lag gayee ghar ke chiraa Gh se

(b) haa'e.Khafee (Chhupee huee): doosree qism kee :hey: voh hai jo umooman alfaaz kee Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) zaahir karne ke liye istaimaal kee jaatee hai. misaal ke taur per :yeh, voh, peh, pardah: vaGhaira meiN jo :hey: likhee gayee hai iss ko taqtee' meiN aam taur per shumaar naheeN karte haiN:

yeh nah thee hamaaree qismat keh visaal.e.yaar hotaa

iss misre meiN :nah: aur :keh: kee :hey: baat vaazeH kar dene ke liye likh dee gayee hai. lekin bolne meiN iss ko adaa naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai. iss misre kee taqtee' yooN ho gee:

fa-i-laat faa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laat faa-i-laa-tun

ye na thee ha maaree qismat k visaal e yaar hotaa

lekin kabhee kabhee haa'e.Khafee bolne meiN saaf saaf adaa kee jaatee hai. aisee soorat meiN iss ko taqtee' meiN le liyaa jaataa hai:

haa'e Seemab uss kee majbooree
jis ne kee ho shabaab meiN taubah (Seemab Akbarabadee)

iss kee taqtee' iss taraH hogee:

faa-i-laa-tun mu-faa-i-lun fa-lun

haa.e Seema b uss kee maj booree

jis ne kee ho shabaab meiN taubah

:hey: kee taqtee' kee aik aur misaal aik Farse misre ke zari'e se dee jaatee hai. usool yeh hai k jo :hey: kisee lafz ke aaKhir meiN aaye aur us ke pehle vaale Harf per Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) ho to voh taqtee' meiN shumaar hogee, varna naheeN. misaal ke taur per yeh misra dekhiye:

KhaNda cheh kunee bah giryah.e.man
(too mere rone per kyaa haNstaa hai)

yahaaN :cheh:, :bah: aur :giryah: ke aaKhir meiN :hey: likh dee gayee hai jo umooman zaban se adaa naheeN kee jaatee hai, taak baat saaf ho jaaye. taqtee' iss taraH hai:

maf-ool mu-faa-i-lun fa-oo-lan

Khandah che kunee ba gir ya e man

dekhiye k :Khandah: kee :hey: ko taqtee' meiN shaamil kiyaa gayaa hai jab.k :cheh: aur :bah: kee :hey: ko naheeN kiyaa gayaa hai.

5.3.3: vav.e.ma'doola (meem, ain,daal, vav, laam, hey): aisee :vav: jo likhee to jaaye lekin paRhee na jaaye :vav.e.ma'doola: kehlaatee hai. maslan :Khoodee, Khoosh, Khwaish, Khwaab: likhte haiN aur :Khudee, Khush, Khaish, Khaab: paRhte haiN goyaa :vav: ko talaffuz meiN nazar.andaaz kar dete haiN. aisee :vav: taqtee' meiN naheeN lee jaatee hai. misaal dekhiye:

Khoodee ko kar baland itnaa k her taqdeer se pehle
Khudaa baNde se Khood pooChhe, bataa teree razaa kyaa hai (Iqbal)

mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun

Khudee ko kar balaNd.it naa k her taqdee r se pehle

Khudaa baNde se Khud pooChhe bataa teree razaa kyaa hai

5.3.4: vav.e.dammah: aisee :vav: jis se pehle vaale Harf per pesh ho jis kee vajh se :vav: kee aavaaz saaf sunaa'ee na de :vav.e.dammah: kehlaatee hai aur taqtee' meiN naheeN lee jaatee hai. misaal pesh.e.Khidmat hai:

shaah.e.do.saraa maalik.e.kaunain vohee hai

maf-ool mu-faa-eel mu-faa-eel fa-oo-lan

shaah.e.du saraa maali k.e kaunain vohee hai

5.3.5: vav.e.atf aur vav.e.malfoozee: voh :vav: jo do alfaaz ko milaane ke liye istaimaal kee jaaye :vav.e.atf: kehlaatee hai aur agar iss se pehle aane vaale Harf per halke se :pesh: kee aavaaz adaa ho to aisee vav ko taqtee meiN naheeN lete haiN:

raNj.o.Gham itne paRe mujh per k aadee ho gayaa

faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun

raNj.u.Gaham.it ne paRe mujh per k aadee ho gayaa

aisaa :vav: jo zaraa kheeNch kar paRhaa jaataa hai :vav.e.malfoozee: kehlaataa hai aur taqtee' meiN shumaar kiyaa jaataa hai:

rau meiN hai raKhsh.e.umr kahaaN dekhiye thame (Ghalib)

maf-ool faa-i-laat mu-faa-eel faa-i-lun

rau mein he raKhsh.e.umr kahaaN dekhi ye thame

isee taraH lafz :aur: kee :vav: aksar giraa dee jaatee hai aur uss ko :or: yaa :ur: paRhh jaataa hai. taqtee' meiN aisee :vav: ko bhee isee taraH shumaar kiyaa jaataa hai:

aur kabhee gul bhee mujhe Khaar nazar aataa hai

fa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laa-tun fa-lun

or kabhee gul bhi mujhe Khhaa r nazar aa taa hai

lekin agar :aur: kaa :vav: kheeNch kar pooraa adaa kiyaa jaaye to uss ko taqtee' meiN yooN lete haiN:

ab karam hai nah jaur kyaa kahiye
apnee qismat hai! aur kyaa kahiye

faa-i-laa-tun mu-faa-i-lun fa-lun

ab karam hai na jaur kyaa kahiye

apnee qisamt hai aur kyaa kahiye

5.3.6: noon.e.Ghunnah: noon.e.Ghunaah (nasal :noon:) kee taqtee' ke qavaa'id Hasb.e.zel haiN:.

agar noon.e.Ghunnah kisee lafz meiN Huroof.e.illat (vowels) ya'nee :alif, vav, ye: ke ba'd aa'ye to taqtee' meiN shumaar naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai. maslan :maaN, jaaN, phaaNs, chaaNd: vaGhaira kee taqtee' meiN yeh alfaaz iss taraH shumaar hote haiN jaise in kaa talaffuz, bil.tarteeb, :maa, jaa, paas, chaad: ho. aksar noon.e.Ghunnah se pehle aane vaalaa Harf.e.illat bhee taqtee' se giraa diyaa jaataa hai. maslan :meiN, haiN: ko iss taraH taqtee' kiyaa jaataa hai jaise in kaa talaffuz :ma, ha: ho. misaal mulaaHiza keejiye:

phool to phool haiN kaaNte sabhee murjhaa jaayeN

faa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laa-tun fa-i-laa-tun fa-lun

pool to poo l ha kaaTe sa be murjaa jaaye

phool to phoo l haiN kaaNTe sabhee murjhaa jaayeN

yahaaN sirf samjhaane kee Gharaz se pehlee satr meiN :phool: ko :pool: aur :kaaNTe: ko :kaaTe: vaGhaira likhaa gayaa hai, varna asl taqtee' meiN in ko pooraa kaa pooraa hee likhaa jaataa hai jaise ke doosree satr meiN darj hai.

zaahir hai k agar noon kaa e'laan ho to uss ko taqtee' meiN bhee zaahir kiyaa jaaye gaa, maslan:

dil.e.Hasrat.zadah qurbaan teer.e.noak.e.mizhgaaN per

mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun

dil.e.Hasrat zadah qurbaa n teree noa ke mizhgaaN per

5.3.7: noon.e.maKhloot: aisaa :noon: jo kisee lafz meiN iss taraH istaimaal ho k uss meiN jazb ho kar reh jaaye aur uss Harf kee aavaaz meiN shaamil kar ke bolaa jaaye :noon.e.maKhloot: kehlaataa hai. misaal ke taur per :bhaNwar: (vortex), :aNgarKhaa:, :haNsee: vaGhaira kaa :noon: taqtee' meiN Ghaa'ib tasavvur kiyaa jaayegaa. misaal dekhiye:

bhaNwar meiN meree kashtee hai, Khudaa hee ab muHaafiz hai

mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun

bhaNwar mein me ree kashtee hai Khudaa hee ab muHaafiz hai

5.3.8: noon.e.malfoozee: voh noon jo talaffuz meiN saaf taur se paRhaa jaataa ho yaa jo zabaan se yooN adaa ho rahaa ho jaise :noon, meem: kee milee.julee aavaaz hotee hai to aisaa noon :malfoozee: kehlaataa hai aur taqtee' meiN shumaar kiyaa jaataa hai. maslan :raNg, tiNkaa, saNg: meiN :noon: kee aik maKhsoos aavaaz hai jis ko :noon.meem kee milee.julee aavaaz: kahaa gayaa hai. in alfaaz kee taqtee' iss taraH ho gee k her Harf (ba.shamool.e.noon) shumaar kiyaa jaa sake, maslan:

voh mile mujh ko fanaa kaa raNg dikhlaane ke ba'd

faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laat

voh mile mujh ko fanaa kaa raNg dikhlaa ne ke ba'd

5.3.9: Huroof.e.saakin: voh Huroof haiN jin per ko'ee Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) naheeN hotee hai. in kee taqtee' kaa usool munfarid hai. agar kisee lafz meiN do (2) saakin Huroof saath saath vaaqe' hoN to taqtee' karte vaqt in meiN se doosraa saakin Harf iss taraH shumaar hotaa hai jaise voh mutaHarrik ho (ya'nee jaise uss per zer, zabar yaa pesh lagaa huaa ho). iss ko aik Farsi ke misre ke zarie samjhaayaa jaataa hai:

man na mee daanam k Hindu yaa musalmaan.ast shama'

(maiN naheeN jaantaa k shama' Hindu hai k musalmaan)

faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laat

man na mee daa nam k Hindu yaa musalmaa nas.t shama

lafz :na.ast: ko :nast: paRhaa jaataa hai, aur iss meiN :seen: aur :te: donoN saakin haiN. Harf :te: in saakin Huroof meiN doosre number per hai aur uss ko mutaHarrik shumaar kiyaa jaayegaa. chunaanche dekhiye k :nast: kee :nas: ko :faa: aur :te: ko :i: see zaahir kar ke iss Harakat kaa e'laan kiyaa gayaa hai.

isee taraH agar kisee lafz meiN teen Huroof saath saath saakin aaye hoN to taqtee' meiN pehlaa Harf saakin hee maanaa jaayegaa, doosraa mutaHarrik shumaar ho gaa aur teesre ko taqtee' meiN se giraa diyaa jaayegaa aur uss kaa shumaar naheeN ho gaa. misaal ke taur per lafz :gosht: (meat) meiN :vav, sheen, te: teenoN saakin haiN. taqtee' meiN :te: ko bilkul nazar.andaaz kar diyaa jaayegaa, aur :sheen: ko mutaHarrik kar diyaa jaayegaa neez taqtee' meiN iss kee aavaaz :gosh: hogee. yehee kaifiyyat :dost, post: vaGhaira kee ho gee. misaal dekhiye:

dost aaN baashad k geerad dast.e.dost
dar pareeshaaN.Haalee.o.dar maaNdgee

[dost voh hotaa hai jo pareeshaane aur dar.maaNdgee kee Haalat meiN apne dost kaa haath pakaRtaa hai, (yaa'nee dast.geeree kartaa hai)]

faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laat

dost aaN baa shad k geerad dast.e.dost

Khayaal rahe k donoN jagah :dost: kaa :te: Ghaa'eb mutasavvur kiyaa gayaa hai.

5.3.10: tanveen: Huroof per do.zabar, do.zer yaa do.pesh kee mojoodigee ko :tanveen: kehte haiN. maslan :foran: ko yooN likhaa jaataa hai: fe-vav per zabar, re, alif per do zabar. isee tarah :qasadan: ko likhte haiN: qaaf, swaad, daal, alif per do zabar. yahaaN :alif per do zabar: kee aavaaz :un: kee hogee jaise English ke lafz :under: meiN hotee hai. aise alfaaz kee :tanveen: kee aavaaz ko taqtee' meiN :noon: samajh kar munaasib rukn se vaazeH kiyaa jaataa hai, goyaa in ko bil.tarteeb :fe, vav, re, noon: aur :qaaf, swaad, daal, noon: likhaa gayaa ho.

5.3.11: Huroof.e.mushaddad: aise Huroof jin per tashdeed lagee ho aur nateejatan talaffuz meiN aise adaa hoN jaise un ko do baar likhaa gayaa hai, mushaddad kehlaate haiN. inko taqtee' meiN do-Harfee tasavvur kiyaa jaataa hai. maslan lafz :taGhai'yyur: (tabdeelee) ko aise taqtee' kiyaa jaaye gaa jaise yeh do alfaaz :taGhai: aur :yur: kaa murakkab ho. yehee soorat :tashaddud: (ziyaadatee), :muyassar: vaGhairah kee hogee. misaal Haazir hai:

sabaat aik taGhai'yyur ko hai zamaane meiN

mu-faa-i-lun fa-i-laa-tun mu-faa-i-lun fa-lun

sabaat ai k taGhi yyur ko hai zamaa ne meiN

5.3.12: izaafat: aise :zer: ko jo do alfaaz ko baaham joRne meiN istaimaal ho alaamat.e.izaafat kehte haiN. chooN.k paRhne meiN iss ko kheeNch kar adaa kiyaa jaataa hai iss liye taqtee' meiN iss ko aik Harf kee taraH shumaar kiyaa jaataa hai. maslan:

shumaar.e.subHa marGhoob.e.but.e.mushkil pasand aayaa

mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun mu-faa-ee-lun

shumaar.e.sub Ha marGhoob.e but.e mushkil pasand aayaa

lekin agar yehee izaafat kheeNch kar na paRhee jaaye to jis Harf ke neeche zer hai vohee taqtee' meiN aik mutaHarrik Harf samjhaa jaaye gaa aur isee taraH us ko zaahir bhee kiyaa jaayegaa:

jee bhar ke Madeene meiN anvaar.e.Khudaa dekheN

iss misre meiN :anvaar.e.Khudaa: ke izaafat :e: kheeNch kar adaa naheeN ho rahee hai aur iss liye iss misre kee taqtee' yooN hogee:

maf-ool mu-faa-ee-lun maf-ool mu-faa-ee-lun

jee bhar ke Madeene meiN anvaar.e Khudaa dekheN
5.3.13: iKhtitaamiyah: yahaaN taqtee' ke her usool kaa zikr aur aHaatah na maqsood hai aur na hee mumkin. ummeed hai k jitnee ma'loomaat ooper dee gayee hai uss se taqtee' kee bohat se aisee giraheN khul gayee hoN gee jin se ab tak zehn meiN shak aur pareeshaane thee. aap sab kee tavajjuh aur dilchaspee ke liye raaqim.al.Huroof teh.e.dil se mamnoon hai.
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