nikaat.e.suKhan
By : Sarwar Raz Sarwar

4: qaafiya

4.1: qaafiya.pemaa huaa hai kaarvaan.e.shaa’iree!

is mazmoon meiN :qaafiye: par guftugoo kee jaaye gee. fun.e.shaa'iree bhee doosre tamaam funoon kee taraH nihaayat pecheeda hai. us ke usool aur juzviaat par asaatiza ne meHnat aur lagan se ilm ke daryaa bahaaye haiN, qavaaneen vaza' kiye haiN, me'yaar qaa'em kiye haiN, istisniyaat (exceptions) bayaan kiye haiN, aur Urdu shaa'iree ko Arabee aur Farsee sarchasmoN se seraab kiyaa hai. muKhtasar yooN samajhiye k fun.e.shaa'iree kaa ko'ee pehloo bhee tishna.e.vazaaHat naheeN ChhoRaa gayaa hai.

kehne ko :qaafiya: bohat ma'moolee see cheez nazar aataa hai aur us kee buniyaadee soorat.o.zaroorat, ta'reef.o.tarkeeb neez us ke istaimaal se ham sab kam.o.besh vaaqif haiN. lekin agar gehraa'ee meiN jaa kar : ilm.e.qaafiya: kee tafseelaat kaa mutaali'a keejiye to naye naye inkishaafaat saamne aate haiN. qavaaneen kee baareekiyaaN aksar ham ko Hairat meiN Daal detee haiN aur, chaahe ham un tafseelaat aur pecheedigiyoN se muttafiq na hoN, asaatiza ke ilm.o.fazl, fikr.o.Khayaal aur zoq.o.deeda.rezee kaa ba.har Haal qaa'il honaa hee paRtaa hai.

is muKhtasar mazmoon meiN aise vasee'.o.baseet mozoo' par ser.Haasil beHs naheeN ho saktee hai, aur hamaare meHdood maqaasid ke liye yeh beHs zarooree bhee naheeN hai. yahaaN is ilm ke sirf mubaadiyaat kaa zikr hogaa. ummeed hai k qaari'een is mazmoon meiN apnee dilchaspee kaa vaafir saamaan paayeN.ge aur kyaa ajab hai k yeh un ke ilm.e.shaa'iree meiN besh.qeemat izaafe kaa sabab bhee ban jaaye!

4.2: qaafiya kyaa hai?

:qaafiya: voh lafz hai jo misre ke aaKhir meiN :radeef: se qabl aataa hai. Ghazal ke matle' ke donoN misroN meiN qaafiya aataa hai aur deegar sab ash'aar ke doosre misre meiN is ke ham.aavaaz (rhyming) alfaaz radeef ke pehle istaimaal hote haiN. goyaa Ghazal ke matle' ke donoN misroN meiN qaafiye kaa honaa zarooree hai jab.k deegar ash'aar ke sirf doosre misroN meiN hee qaafiye kee paabandee laazimee hai.

aik Ghazal meiN istaimaal hone vaale tamaam qavaafee (vaahid: qaafiya) aapas meiN sautee (ya'nee aavaaz kee) mushaabihat to rakhte hee haiN lekin ma'navee taur se (ya'nee apne ma'nee ke liHaaz se) bhee aik doosre se mukHtalif hote haiN.

aisee Ghazal jis meiN radeef kaa iltizaam kiyaa gayaa ho :muraddaf: Ghazal kehlaatee hai. voh Ghazal jis meiN radeef na istaimaal kee gayee ho aur sirf qavaafee hee istaimaal hue hoN :Ghair muraddaf: kahee jaatee hai.

misaal #1 (muraddaf Ghazal):

nukta.cheeN hai, Gham.e.dil us ko sunaaye na bane
kyaa bane baat jahaaN baat banaaye na bane

maiN bulaataa to hooN us ko magar ae jazba.e.dil
us pe ban jaaye kuChh aisee k bin aaye na bane

ishq par zor naheeN hai yeh voh aatish Ghalib
k lagaaye na lagey aur bujhaaye na bane (Ghalib)

is Ghazal kee radeef :na bane: hai aur :sunaaye, banaaye, aaye, bujhaaye: qavaafee haiN. radeef aur qaafiye ke ishtiraak se Ghazal kee shanaaKht kaa jo naqsha bantaa hai us ko :zameen: kehte haiN. maslan is Ghazal kee zameen :sunaaye na bane, banaaye na bane: hai.

misaal #2 (Ghair muraddaf Ghazal)

Allah! Allah! ishq kee ra'naaiyaaN
Husn Khud lene lagaa aNgRaai'yaaN

dil kee choTeN ubhree aatee haiN tamaam
ishq kee chalne lageeN purvaa'iyaaN

yaad hai ab tak Jigar aaGhaaz.e.ishq
shab hama shab voh Khayaal.aaraa'iyaaN (Jigar Muradabadi)

is Ghazal meiN radeef naheeN hai aur :ra'naa'iyaaN, aNgRaa'iyaaN, purvaa'iyaaN: vaGhaira qavaafee haiN.

4.3: kyaa qaafiya zarooree hai?

yahaaN yeh savaal uThaayaa jaa saktaa hai k :kyaa manzoomaat meiN qaafiya zarooree hai aur kyaa us ke baGhair shaa'iree naheeN ho saktee hai?:
yeh to zaahir hai k qaafiye kaa iltizaam un manzoomaat meiN hamesha kiyaa jaataa hai jo :paaband: kehlaatee haiN. :aazaad shaa'iree: kee muKhtalif shakloN meiN aaj.kal jo likhaa jaa rahaa hai us meiN beHr, vazn aur qaafiye kaa iltizaam zarooree naheeN samjhaa jaataa hai agar.che kaheeN kaheeN sho'raa apnee taKhleeqaat kaa zer.o.bam aur aahaNga behtar banaane kee Khaatir un meiN qaafiye kaa istaimaal kar lete haiN.

:aazaad shaa'iree: meiN voh sab asnaaf.e.suKhan shaamil haiN jo :aazaad nazm, kaalee nazm, nasree nazm, Ghazal.e.mua'rraa: vaGhaira ke naamoN se likhee jaa rahee haiN. Jaapaanee haikoo kee taqleed meiN Urdu meiN bhee :haiku: likhe jaa rahe haiN. albatta jahaaN Jaapaanee haiku kee bunat meiN yeh laazimee hai k pehle aur teesre misroN meiN paaNch (5) aur doosre misre meiN saat (7) Harakaat (syllables) hoN, Urdu haiku.navees is silsile meiN kaafee aazaadee se kaam le rahe haiN aur 5-7-5 kaa yeh usool hamesha naheeN bartaa jaataa hai. is taraH Urdu meiN ab tak haiku kaa ko'ee Hatamee pemaana yaa naqsha muta'aiyyun naheeN ho sakaa hai. in tamaam asnaaf.e.suKhan kee misaaleN darj.e.zel haiN:

4.3.1: paabaNd nazm

saare jahaaN se aChhaa HindostaaN hamaaraa
ham bulbuleN haiN us kee yeh gulsitaaN hamaaraa

parbat voh sab se ooNchaa, hamsaaya aasmaaN kaa
voh santaree hamaaraa, voh paasbaaN hamaaraa

godee meiN kheltee haiN us kee hazaaroN nadiyaaN
gulshan hai jis ke dam se rashk.e.jinaaN hamaaraa

Iqbal! ko'ee meHram apnaa naheeN jahaaN meiN
ma'loom kyaa kisee ko dard.e.nihaaN hamaaraa (Iqbal)

4.3.2: aazaad nazm

baazee badne se pehle
us ne aik qasam khaayee thee
maiN ne us kaa maan rakhaa
so har baazee meiN voh jeetaa
lekin us ko pata naheeN thaa
ham donoN meiN jeetaa kon! (Nayyar Jahan)

4.3.3: kaalee nazm

kitnee baar huaa hai pehle
ab bhee hotaa hai
aag meiN jal kar mar jaanaa
veHshat kaa ik nayaa tareeqa
aik anokhaa kartab hai
dekhne vaale saare veHshee Khush hote haiN
nannhe nannhe bachchoN ke naazuk naazuk dil
Khof se ghabraa kar ro paRte haiN
yeh manzar dekh ke taayir uR jaate haiN
sirf aag bujhaane vaale afsar
Khaamoshee se chup chup khaRe hue haiN
TV per jalte logoN kee tasveereN
aik nayaa darpan ban kar
aaNkhoN meiN aaNsoo ban kar jhilmil kartee haiN
meree kitnee Khwaahish hai
maiN bhee ik shab apnee saaree kitaaboN meiN
jaltaa- Khaak meiN raakh to mil jaatee
shaayad yeh meree Khwaahish pooree hogee! (Baqar Mehdi)

4.3.4: nasree nazm

agar kuChh marmareeN lamHe
tumhaare haath aa.jaayeN
to chupke se
hathelee par aNdheree shab kee
mehNdee chaandnee kee tum sajaa denaa
k is be.mehr haNgaamoN kee duniyaa meiN
azal se
anginat sadiyoN kee boseeda hatheliyoN per
ko'ee jugnoo naheeN chamkaa
ko'ee taara naheeN damkaa
hameshaa yaad rakhnaa
sel.e.tez.o.tuNd ke dhaare meiN
aksar
kaaGhazee kashtee bhee daryaa paar kartee hai
tumheN kuChh kar dikhaanaa hai (Shaheen Badr)

4.3.5: Ghazal.e.mu'arra

yeh sinf.e.suKhan Haal hee meiN vujood meiN aayee hai aur abhee ziyaada aam naheeN huee hai. is kee zaahiree shakl to rivaayatee Ghazal kee taraH kee hee hotee hai lekin is meiN radeef.o.qaafiye kee paabandee naheeN kee jaatee hai. pooree :Ghazal: ke sab ash'aar aik hee beHr meiN hote haiN lekin her misre kee :zameen: alag hotee hai. chooN.k is kee misaaleN risaaloN meiN bohat kam muhai'yyaa haiN main ne apnee ka'ee GazaloN ke muntaKhib misroN se aik : Ghazal.e.mua'raa: mushakkal kee hai! mulaaHiza farmaaiye:

roz jeete haiN, roz marte haiN
dil ne sadme uThaaye haiN kyaa kyaa!

dil hai rokeN kahaaN talak is ko
yaad aanaa thaa, aa gayaa ko'ee!

ishq kee manzileN haiN aur ham haiN
aur kuChh soojhtaa naheeN ham ko (Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:)

4.3.6: haiku

jaisa k ooper arz kiyaa gayaa thaa, yeh sinf hamaare yahaaN Jaapaanee shaa'iree kee raah se aayee hai. darj.e.zel misaal meiN Japaanee haiku kee 5-7-5 syllables kee paabandee kee gayee hai, lekin aam taur par Urdu meiN is naqshe kee paabandee naheeN kee jaa rahee hai:

aate jaate din
jab se nazreN pheree haiN
seHraa haiN tujh bin (Muhsin Bhopali)

4.3.7: sulaasee

is mozoo' kee takmeel ke liye zarooree hai k us nayee sinf.e.suKhan kaa zikr bhee kiyaa jaaye jo :rubaa'ee: kee tarz par :sulaasee: (ya'nee :teen misroN vaalee:) ke naam se likhee jaa rahee hai. sulaasee (se, laam, alif, se, ChoTee ye) ke teenoN misre ham.beHr hote haiN, neez pehle aur teesre misroN kaa ham.qaafiya honaa bhee zarooree hai, magar doosraa misra qaafiye kaa paaband naheeN hotaa hai. misaal Haazir hai:

yeh aik patthar jo raaste meiN paRaa huaa hai
ise muHabbat taraash le to yehee sanam hai
ise aqeedat saNvaar de to yehee Khudaa hai (Himayat Ali Shair)

4.4: qaafiye ke ajzaa aur us ke istaimaal kee sharaa'et

qaafiya muKhtalif ajzaa se mushakkal hotaa hai aur in ajzaa aur Khud qaafiye kaa istaimaal ka’ee sharaa’et ke paabaNd haiN. in kaa muKhtasar bayaan diyaa jaataa hai.

4.4.1: qaafiye ke ajzaa

har fun kee taraH shaa'iree meiN bhee us ke ajzaa aur baareekiyoN par baRee mufassil, pecheeda aur aalimaana beHs kee gayee hai. sirf qaafiye ko hee leejiye. dekhne meiN yeh aik ma'moolee saa lafz hai. is par kyaa lambee choRee beHs ho saktee hai? lekin agar ilm.e.qaafiya kee gehraa'iyoN meiN utar kar dekheN to ajeeb.o.Ghareeb inkishaafaat hote haiN. in meiN se kayee yaqeenan :baal kee khaal nikaalne: ke misdaaq haiN lekin :fuzool: yaqeenan naheeN kahe jaa sakte haiN kyoN.k ilm kee raah meiN ko’ee koshish :Ghair zarooree: to ho saktee hai magar :fuzool: naheeN ho saktee hai!

is ilm se kam.az.kam ham ko apne buzurgoN kee meHnat, muHabbat aur lagan kaa andaaza to ho hee jaataa hai aur is justujoo meiN shaa'iree ke naye zaavi'e aur pehloo bhee hamaare saamne aate haiN. yahaaN ilm.e.qaafiye par tafseelee beHs kaa na moqa' hai aur na hee zaroorat. chunaanche do aik baateN likhee jaatee haiN.
har qaafiye kee buniyaad aik Harf yaa Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) par hotee hai. aise Harf ko :ravee: (re, vav, ChoTee ye) kehte haiN. maslan agar :kam, sitam, ham: qavaafee baaNdhe jaayeN to Harf :meem: ravee kehlaayegaa. ravee kee kayee qismeN haiN aur un Huroof ke bhee kayee naam aur tafseelaat haiN jo ravee se pehle yaa ba'd meiN aate haiN aur qaafiye kee tashkeel meiN muaa'vin hote haiN. yahaaN aik aadh baat az.raah.e.takmeel.e.bayaaN darj kee jaatee hai ziyaadah tafseel kee zaroorat naheeN hai:

taasees: us :alif: ko kehte haiN jis ke aur ravee ke darmiyaan ko'ee mutaHarrik Harf mojood ho. maslan :kaamil, shaamil: qavaafee kaa ravee :laam: hai aur in alfaaz ke :alif: aur :laam: ke darmiyaan :meem: hai jis par zer kee Harakat hai. chunaanche aise alif ko :taasees: kaheNge.

daKheel: ooper kee misaal meiN :shaamil: aur :kaamil: meiN jo mutaHarrik :meem: hai us ko :daKheel: kehte haiN.

isee taraH ke aur alfaaz, Huroof aur un kee tafseeloN kaa zikr ab Khatm kiyaa jaataa hai.

4.4.2: qaafiye kee sharaa'et aur tafseelaat

qaafiye ke qiyaam kee chand sharaa'et haiN, ya'nee jo alfaaz kisee Ghazal yaa nazm meiN bataur qavaafee istaimaal hoN.ge, voh chand shartoN ke paaband zaroor hoN.ge. in sharaa'et meiN istisnaa'ee (exceptional) soorateN bhee haiN aur kayee sharaa'et aisee haiN jin kee paabandee saKhtee se naheeN kee jaatee hai. yahaaN sirf sharaa'et bayaan kee jaayeN gee lekin un ke aChhe hone yaa na hone par ko'ee beHs naheeN hogee.

qaafiye ke qiyaam kee sharaa'et darj.e.zel haiN. zelee surKhee :tafseel: ke teHt zarooree vazaaHateN bhee de dee gayee haiN:

(1) do ham.qaafiya alfaaz meiN kam az kam aik Harf kaa mushtarik honaa zarooree hai. maslan :kam, sitam, ham: meiN :meem: mushtarik hai.

is mushtarik Harf kaa in alfaaz kaa aaKhiree Harf honaa bhee zarooree hai. yeh shart bhee :kam, sitam, ham: meiN :meem: pooree kartaa hai.

is mushtarik Harf se pehle jo Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) istaimaal ho voh bhee mushtarik honee zarooree hai. maslan: ooper kee misaal (kam, sitam, ham) meiN Harf :meem: se qabl ke Harf par jo Harakat (zabar) hai (kam ke :kaaf par, sitam ke :te: par, ham kee :hey: par) voh bhee mushtarik hai. lihaaza yeh alfaaz ham.qaafiya kehlaayeN.ge aur is qaafiye ke taur per baaNdhe jaa sakte haiN.

bar.Khilaaf is ke lafz :jurm: yaa :aalim: mazkoora alfaaz ke ham.qaafiya naheeN ho sakte haiN kyoN.k har.chand k Harf :meem: in sab alfaaz meiN mushtarik hai aur aaKhiree Harf bhee hai lekin :jurm: meiN :re: saakin hai aur :aalim: meiN :laam: par zer hai.

tafseel: is beHs kaa aik dilchasp pehloo yeh hai k agar Harf.e.ravee se pehle aane vaale Harf par do muKhtalif alfaaz meiN Harakat ho to aisee Harakaat bhee muKhtalif ho saktee haiN aur baa.vujood is iKhtilaaf ke voh alfaaz qaafiya ho sakte haiN! maslan :kam, sitam, ham: aur :tum: meiN sirf :meem: mushtarik hai magar :tum: kee :meem: par pesh hai (doosre alfaaz meiN is jagah zabar hai) phir bhee :kam, sitam, ham: kaa qaafiya :tum: ho saktaa hai. isee taraH :Khush: aur :shash: (ba.ma'nee Chhe- 6) qaafiya ho sakte haiN!

(2) agar Ghazal ke matle' meiN qavaafee par ko'ee paabandee lagaa dee gayee hai to us kaa iltizaam pooree Ghazal meiN zarooree hogaa. maslan agar matle' meiN :shaamil, kaamil: ko ba.taur qavaafee baaNdhaa gayaa hai to har qaafiye ke liye zarooree hogaa k us ke aaKhir meiN Huroof :alif, meem, laam: hoN. goyaa is soorat meiN :kaamil, aamil, Haamil: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin :kaamil, bismil, qaatil: qaafiye naheeN ho sakte haiN.

umooman is qaa'ide kee paabandee saKhtee se naheeN kee jaatee hai. isee taraH :faryaad, barbaad: qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin agar Ghazal ke matle' meiN :barbaad, aabaad: ko qaafiyaa baaNdhaa gayaa hai to ba'd ke sab qavaafee ke aaKhir meiN :be, alif, daal: kaa iltizaam karnaa hogaa chunaanche is soorat meiN usoolan :faryaad: qaafiya naheeN ho saktaa hai.

(3) Urdu meiN bohat se aise alfaz haiN jo Arabee ya Farsee se naheeN bal.k maqaamee boliyoN se liye gaye haiN, maslan :nikhra, meree, dekhaa, gayaa: vaGhaira. in ko qavaafee ke taur par istaimaal karne ke qavaaneen itne sakHt naheeN haiN. aise sab alfaaz qaafiye ke taur par istaimaal ho sakte haiN. yahaaN par is ijmaal kee thoRee see tafseel dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN hogee:

tafseel:
(a) ilm.e.qaafya kee roo se agar ko'ee do alfaaz apnee :asl: meiN :lafz: kee ta'reef meiN naheeN aate haiN aur do muKhtalif alfaaz ke murakkab se in kee tashkeel kee gayee hai yaa voh kisee masdar (source word) se nikaale gaye haiN to voh qaaafiye sirf is soorat meiN ho sakte haiN k jab in alfaaz kee asl (ya'nee buniyaadee soorateN) bhee ham.qaafiya hoN. is pecheeda qaa'ide ko aik misaal se samjhaayaa jaataa hai:

lafz :sitamgar: do alfaaz :sitam: aur :gar: se mil kar banaa hai. isee tarah lafz :fusooN.gar: bhee :fusooN: aur :gar: se mil kar banaayaa gayaa hai. :sitamgar: kee :asl: hai :sitam: aur :fusooN.gar: kee :asl: hai :fusooN:. zaahir hai k :sitam: aur :fusooN: ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN aur isee liye usoolan yeh alfaaz qavaafee kee taraH istaimaal naheeN ho sakte haiN.

isee taraH :nikhraa: kaa masdar :nikharnaa: hai aur us se :naa: nikaal kar aur :alif: kaa izaafa kar ke :nikhraa: banaayaa gayaa hai. neez :gayaa: maazee hai :jaanaa: kaa. is se agar alif nikaal deN to bachaa huaa Hissa (ya'nee :gaaf, ye:) be.ma'nee ho jaataa hai. Urdu meiN aise be.shumaar alfaaz mojood haiN. ulemaa.e.qaafiya ne aise Huroof (maslan: jaisaa, nikharnaa, gayaa) ko qaafiya banaanaa ravaa rakhaa hai.

(b) Urdu meiN bohat se maqaamee boliyoN ke alfaaz kee jama' unke aaKhir meiN :alif, noon.e.Ghunna: lagaa kar banaa lee jaatee hai, maslan: haDDee se haDDiyaaN, aaNdhee se aaNdhiyaaN, chiryaa se chiRyaaN, sardee se sardiyaaN: vaGhaira. usoolan agar in ke aaKhiree :alif, noon.e.Ghunna: ko nikaal diyaa jaaye to in ke ham.qaafiya hone ke liye in ke baqaaya HissoN kaa ham.qaafiya honaa zarooree hogaa. chunaanche :garmiyaaN (garmee), sardiyaaN (sardee), aaNdhiyaaN (aaNdhee): to qaafiya ho sakte haiN lekin :zanaaN (zan), chiRyaaN (chiRyaa): vaGhaira aaNdhiyaaN, sardiyaaN ke qaafiye naheeN ho sakte haiN aur na hee yeh alfaaz aik doosre ke qaafiye ho sakte haiN. pehlee soorat meiN :garmee, sardee, aaNdhee: ham.qaafiya haiN lekin yeh :zan, chiRya: ke ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN aur doosree taraf :zan, chiRyaa: aapas meiN ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN. albatta yeh kehnaa zarooree hai k is usool par bhee saKhtee se amal naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai.

(c) Urdu chooN.k Arabee, Farsee ke ilaava aur bohat see maqaamee boliyoN ke alfaaz apne daaman meiN rakhtee hai, us kee shaa'iree ke qavaaneen ba'z auqaat Arabee aur Farsee ke muqararra usuloN se gurez karte haiN aur is ko ravaa samjhaa jaataa hai. maslan :karnaa, jharnaa, bharnaa, dharnaa: to ham.qaafiya maan liye jaate haiN lekin :karnaa: kaa qaafiya :honaa: naheeN banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k in meiN se qadr.e.mushtarik :naa: nikaal dene ke ba'd jo kuChh bach rehtaa hai (ya'nee :kar: aur :ho:) voh ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN. phir bhee :honaa: kaa qaafiya :duniyaa: banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k yeh :qadr.e.mushtarik: vaale usool se baahar hai aur donoN kaa Harf.e.aaKhir :alif: hai. yeh qaanoon bhee hamesha paabandee se naheeN bartaa jaataa hai aur :honaa, phirnaa, lenaa, peenaa: sab qavaafee ke taur par nazar aa jaate haiN!

(4) do alfaaz ko kisee she'r meiN qaafiya qaraar dene kee aik buniyaadee shart yeh bhee hai k sirf aik hee lafz matle' ke donoN misroN meiN bataur qaafiya istaimaal naheeN ho saktaa hai jab tak k us ke ma'nee donoN misroN meiN judaa judaa na hoN. maslan lafz :jaanaa: ke aik ma'nee haiN :aik jagah se doosree jagah muntaqil honaa:

dil.e.naa.muraad teraa, hai kaheeN ko'ee Thikaana?
kabhee is galee se aanaa, kabhee us galee meiN jaanaa (Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:)

aur :jaanaa: ke doosre ma'nee haiN :samajhnaa:

dekhnaa taqreer kee lazzat k jo us ne kahaa
maiN ne yeh jaanaa k goyaa yeh bhee mere dil meiN hai (Ghalib)

ab agar kisee she'r ke pehle misre meiN :jaanaa: apne pehle ma'nee meiN aur doosre misre meiN apne doosre ma'nee meiN baaNdhaa jaaye to yeh soorat qaabil.e.qubool hogee.

(5) qaafiye kee aik shart yeh bhee hai k ham.qaafiya alfaaz kee aavaaz laaziman yaksaaN ho lekin shakl bhee kuChh muKhtalif zaroor ho. albatta yeh iKhtilaaf.e.shakl us soorat meiN naa.qaabil.e.qubool hogaa jab voh Harf yaa Huroof jin par qaafiye kee buniyaad hai apnee buniyaadee yaa asl shakl meiN badal jaayeN.

maslan :raaz, aavaaz, aijaaz: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin yeh :fai'yyaaz: ke qavaafee naheeN ho sakte haiN. isee taraH :qaabil aur bismil: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin :raat: aur :eHtiyaat:, yaa :yaas: aur :Khaas: qavaafee naheeN ho sakte haiN. aise qavaafee :malfoozee: (meem, laam, fe, vav, zoe, ChoTee ye) qavaafee kehlaate haiN.

tafseel: qavaafee kee aik aur shakl hai jo :maktoobee: (meem, kaaf, te, vav, bey, ChoTee ye) kehlaatee hai. is soorat meiN do (2) qaafiyoN kee shakl to yaksaaN hotee hai albatta voh talaffuz aur ma'nee meiN alag alag hote haiN. maslan :quvaat: ba.ma'nee :taaqat: aur :qoot: ba.ma'nee :rozee jis par aadmee guzar kaar sake: donoN kee hijje :qaaf, vav, te: hai. Arabee shaa'iree meiN aise qavaafee kee ijaazat hai magar Urdu meiN is ko jaa'iz naheeN rakhaa gayaa hai. isee qabeel ke kuChh aur alfaaz dekhiye:

saqaf = lambaa aur TeRhaa honaa
saqf = Chhat, aasmaan
hijje = seen, qaaf, fe

seHr = subH
seHar = jaadoo
hijje = seen, baRee hey, re

aalam = duniyaa
aalim = ahl.e.ilm
hijje = ain, alif, laam, meem

(6) kuChh alfaaz aise haiN jo :ChhoTee he: (haa'e havvaz) par Khatm hote haiN magar zabaan se un kee adaa'igee meiN :hey: kaa takalluf aur ehtimaam naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai aur unkee aavaaz :alif: se miltee.jultee hotee hai, maslan: afsaanah, sheeshah, shaguftah, fareftah, umdah: vaGhaira. kyaa aise alfaaz ko :alif: par Khatm hone vaale alfaaz maslan :rakhaa, saraapaa, Khudaayaa: vaGhaira kaa qaafiya baaNdhaa jaa saktaa hai? yaa aisaa karte vaqt in :hey: vaale alfaaz kaa imlaa badal kar aur un ko :alif: se likh kar (afsaanaa, sheeshaa, shaguftaa, fareftaa, umdaa) hee aisaa kiyaa jaa saktaa hai? is silsile meiN ulamaa kee do (2) raa'eN haiN:

(a) kuChh kaa Khayaal hai k mazkoora soorat meiN aise alfaaz kaa imlaa :alif: se karnaa zarooree hai. magar yeh raa'e is buniyaadee usool ke Khilaaf jaatee hai k :qaafiye kee buniyaad imlaa par naheeN ho saktee hai: varna lafz :aKhlaas: ko :seen: se likh kar :yaas: kaa qaafiya banaane meiN kyaa cheez maane' hai?

(b) doosree raa'e yeh hai k in alfaaz kaa imlaa badalne kee zaroorat naheeN hai. yehee raa'e ziyaadah mo'tabar hai. misaaleN dekhiye:

rakhnaa to neechee aaNkh gavaaraa naheeN hameN
par kyaa kareN k Hukm.e.nazaarah naheeN hameN (Masroor Kakorvee)

jo dil.e.veHshat.zadah phirtaa thaa aavaaraH paRaa
sunte haiN jurm.e.muHabbat par voh kal maaraa paRaa (Jur'at)

(7) matle' meiN aik hee qaafiye kee takraar naheeN ho saktee hai. maslan agar radeef :na huaa thaa: hai aur matle' ke donoN misroN meiN :Gham: qaafiya baaNdhaa jaaye to Ghazal kee radeef hee :Gham na huaa thaa: ho jaayegee aur qaafiya Ghaa'eb! aisaa karnaa usee vaqt mumkin hai jab donoN misroN meiN :Gham: ke ma'nee kisee taraH alag alag mutasavvur ho sakeN. aik martaba matle meiN qaafiya baNdh jaaye to doosre ash'aar meiN qavaafee kee takraar par ko'ee paabandee naheeN hai. Jigar kee 23 ash'aar kee Ghazal :agar na zuhra.jabeenoN ke darmiyaaN guzre: meiN :darmiyaaN: qaafiya Chhe (6) martaba baaNdhaa gayaa hai. aik hee qaafiye ko muKhtalif ash'aar meiN naye andaaz aur pehloo se baaNdhnaa shaa'iree kaa Husn samjhaa jaataa hai.

4.4.3: qaafiye ke favaa'ed

yeh savaal dilchasp hai k qaafiye se manzoomaat meiN voh kon see Khusoosiyaat pedaa ho jaatee haiN jo us kee qeemat yaa Husn meiN izaafe kaa baa'is hotee haiN? muKhtasaran qaafiye ke favaa'ed ko yooN bayaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hai:

(1) qaafiya she'r ko Khush.aahaNg banaa detaa hai ya'nee us ke istaimaal se Ghazal yaa nazm ke sautee ta'assur meiN izaafa ho jaataa hai. is amr ke suboot kee zaroorat meHsoos naheeN hotee hai kyoN.k yeh un umoor meiN se hai jo vajdaanee taur par her shaKhs par zaahir haiN.

(2) yeh baat bhee maanee huee hai k baa.vazn shaa'iree nisbatan aasaanee se yaad ho jaatee hai aur yaad reh jaatee hai. aazaad shaa'iree ke maddaHoN se agar un ke pasandeeda shaa'ir kee taKhleeqaat sunaane kee darKhwaast kee jaaye to aksar.o.beshtar ko is meiN dushvaaree pesh aatee hai jab k yehee log Mir aur Ghalib ke ash'aar be.takaan sunaa sakte haiN. qaafiya baa.vazn manzoomaat kee is sifat ko mazeed taqviyyat detaa hai.

puraane zamaane meiN jab k kaaGhaz aur vasaa'il.e.taba'at.o.ishaa'at kee aisee sahoolateN muyassar naheeN theeN logoN ko rivaayaat, vaaqiaat aur shaa'iree vaGhaira ke taHaffuz ke liye apne Haafize par hee bharosa karnaa paRtaa thaa. qaafiye se un ko cheezeN yaad karne meiN aasaanee hotee thee. qaafiye ke aam istaimaal kee shaayad aik vajh yeh bhee ho.

(3) qaafiya jahaaN manzoomaat kee zaahiree soorat behtar kartaa hai vaheeN un kee ma'naviyyat meiN bhee izaafe kaa baa'is hotaa hai. yeh aik bideehee baat hai k jo cheez she'r kaa sautee Husn baRhaaye us se she'r kee ma'naviyyat kaa muta'assir honaa ain mumkin hai. is silsile meiN yeh baat yaad rakhnee zarooree hai k qaafiye ke liye baa.ma'nee honaa shart.e.laazim hai jab.k radeef ke liye aisee ko'ee shart naheeN hai. chunaanche yeh dekhaa jaa saktaa hai k qaafiya aur radeef mil kar ash'aar ko mosooqiyat se bhee muttasif karte haiN.

(4) muKhtalif qavaafee kaa istaimaal ash'aar ke mazaameen meiN tanavvu' kaa baa'is bhee hotaa hai. ya'nee kisee she'r meiN agar :azaab: aur :itaab: qavaafee hoN to us kaa matalb us she'r se muKhatalif hogaa jis meiN :azaab: aur :savaab: istaimaal hoN.

4.5: chand aam GhalatiyaaN

4.5.1: Ghalat.ul.aam aur Ghalat.ul.awaam

aap ne :Ghalat.ul.aam:, :Ghalat.ul.aam.faseeH: aur :Ghalat.ul.awaam: kee istilaaHaat to sunee hee hoNgee.is mazmoon meiN in se tafseelee beHs kee jaayegee.

jis taraH har fun meiN kamaal Haasil karne ke liye kuChh pemaane banaaye gaye haiN usee taraH shaa'iree meiN bhee kuChh pemaane aur me'yaar mu'aiyyan kiye gaye haiN jin meiN muKhtalif iqsaam kee GhalatiyoN se apnaa daamaan paak rakhnaa bhee shaamil hai.

in aGhlaat kee nishaan.dehee baRee tafseel se ulamaa.e.she'r.o.adab ne kar dee hai aur un ke muzmiraat se ham ko aChhee taraH aagaah bhee kar diyaa hai. hamaare liye zarooree hai k in naqaa'is aur aGhlaat kee ma'loomaat Haasil kareN aur phir in kee raushanee meiN apne kalaam kaa Khud hee iHtisaab kareN taa.k voh saaf suthraa aur GhalatiyoN se paak hokar behtar ho aur qubool.e.aam Haasil kare. yahaaN yeh yaad rakhnaa zarooree hai k her :Ghalat.ul.aam: faseeH naheeN huaa kartaa hai, chunaanche faseeH aur Ghair.faseeH aGhlaat kee pehchaan aur un kee islaaH kaa ilm bhee zer.e.nazar mazmoon kaa aik maqsad hai.

yeh to zaahir hai k aik muKhtasar mazmoon meiN mas'ale ke her mumkinah pehloo kaa aHaatah karna naa.mumkin hai. phir bhee jo kuChh mumkin ho sakaa hai voh pesh.e.Khidmat hai.

4.5.2: Ghalatee.haa'e mazaameeN

Mirza Ghalib kaa mash'hoor she'r hai k :

Ghalatee.haa'e.mazaameeN mat pooChh
log naaley ko rasaa baaNdhte haiN!

yahaan :rasaa: ke ma'nee :voh jis kee poNhach apnee manzil tak ho: haiN. isee se lafz :rasaa'ee: ba.ma'nee :poNhach: banaa hai. aik saaheb nihaayat saNjeedigee se doosre misre ko yooN paRhte haiN :

log naaley ko rassaa baaNdhte haiN! (rassaa = rope)

isee taraH aik meHfil.e.mushaa'ira meiN aik shaa'ir ne lafz :Hashr: (qiyaamat) ko :Hashar: (sheen par zabar) baaNdhaa thaa aur jhoom jhoom kar voh apnaa she'r Ghalat talaffuz ke saath sunaa rahe the. doosree jaanib se un ke aik maddaaH un kee hee taraH jhoom jhoom kar yooN daad de rahe the k :

:vaah saaheb, vaah! kamaal kar diyaa! she'r sun kar maiN to bohat hee :maKhtoot: huaa:

yeh zaahir hai k unhoN ne :meHzooz: (meem, Hey, zoe, vav, zoe) ke nuqte paRhne meiN Ghalatee kee thee aur us ko apnee daanist meiN :maKhtoot: (meem, Khey, toe, vav, toe) samajh beThe the!

yeh misaaleN to aisee GhalatiyoN kee haiN jo logoN se un kee kam.ilmee yaa be.ilmee kee vajh se sarzad ho jaatee haiN, aur shaayad isee vajh se qaabil.e.muaafee bhee haiN. phir bhee is meiN to ko'ee shak naheeN hai k aisee aGhlaat kaa Urdu nasr yaa nazm meiN istaimaal kisee soorat se qaabil.e.qubool mutasavvur naheeN ho saktaa hai.

is qism kee GhalatioN ke ilaava kuChh aise alfaaz bhee Khaasee ta'daad meiN mojood haiN jo aam taur se apne Ghalat talaffuz yaa Ghalat ma'nee meiN mash'hoor.o.musta'mil haiN, aur in ko na sirf avaam aur kam paRhe likhe log hee be.jhijhak istaimaal karte haiN bal.k bohat se :paRhe likhe: asHaab bhee inheN istaimaal karne meiN ko'ee takalluf meHsoos naheeN karte haiN.

maslan lafz :mashkoor: kaa matlab hai :voh shaKhs jis kaa shukriya adaa kiyaa jaa'e:. shukriya adaa karne vaalaa :shaakir, shukr.guzaar, mamnoon: vaGhaira kehlaataa hai. lekin ham dekhte haiN k log kisee kaa shukriya adaa karte haiN to kehte haiN k :maiN aap kaa bohat mashkoor hooN: jo saraasar Ghalat hai!

ba'z auqaat aisee GhalatiyaaN mazHaka.khez soorat.e.Haal pedaa kar detee hai. logoN ke naamoN meiN aisee GhalatiaaN aksar nazar aatee haiN. zel meiN chaNd aise naam diye jaate haiN jin se Khud raaqim.ul.Huroof kaa paalaa paR chukaa hai:

Masjood Husain : voh shaKhs jis ko Husain (PaiGhambar.e. Islam ke navaase) sajda kareN!

(agar yeh naam apne ma'nee meiN qadrey muKhtalif bhee hotaa, jaise Sajid Husain ya'nee Husain ko sajda karne vaalaa, to bhee qata'ee naa.qaabil.e.qubool hotaa kyoN.k Islamee usool ke liHaaz se Allah ke sivaa kisee aur ko sajdah karne kee bilkul ijaazat naheeN hai!)

Ma'bood Ahmad : voh shaKhs jis kee Ahmad (yeh PaiGhambar.e.Islam kaa doosraa naam hai) ibaadat kare.

(yeh naam to Islamee rivaayaat ke pesh.e.nazar aur bhee :gayaa-guzraa: hai!)

Shams ul Qamar : chaaNd kaa sooraj (subHan.Allah!)

Qamr un Nahaar : bharee dopahar kaa chaaNd. (yeh naam Bangladesh meiN laRkiyoN ke liye bohat aam hai.)

Abdul Sajid : aise shaKhs kaa baNdaa jo Khud Allah ko sajda kartaa ho.

yeh mas'ala roz.marrah kee zindigee meiN to aisaa aham naheeN hai aur kaam chal hee jaataa hai. magar jab baat she'r.o.adab kee ho to phir zabaan.o.bayaan kee nazaakateN aur baareekiyaaN bohat aham aur in kaa iHtiraam naa.guzeer ho jaataa hai, neez qavaa'ed kee paabaNdee bhee usee qadar laazim hotee hai. Khusoosan nazm meiN zabaan.o.bayaan ke iltizaamaat aur taqaazoN se daaman bachaanaa naa.mumkin ho jaataa hai aur ChhoTee see Ghalatee bhee baRee nazar aatee hai.

4.5.3: chand istilaaHaat aur vazaaHateN

yahaaN aise alfaaz aur fiqroN par guftugoo maqsood hai jo log yaa to be.ilmee meiN aadataN Ghalat istaimaal karte haiN yaa jaante.boojhte aise alfaaz ke istaimaal meiN takalluf meHsoos naheeN karte haiN. is silsile meiN do istilaaHaat kee ta'reef mazmoon kee vazaaHat meiN muaa'vin hoN.gee :

(1) Ghalat.ul.avaam : ya'nee voh alfaaz, fiqre aur muHaavare jo avaam laa.ilmee yaa kam.ilmee kee vajh se Ghalat istaimaal karte haiN. ahl.e.ilm ke liye aise alfaaz aur fiqre she'r.o.adab meiN qaabil.e.qubool naheeN haiN aur in se iHtiraaz zarooree samjhaa jaataa hai.

(2) Ghalat.ul.aam : ya'nee voh alfaaz, fiqre aur muHaavare jin ke aam taur par Ghalat istaimaal meiN avaam ke ilaava :paRhe likhe: log bhee shaamil haiN.

in alfaaz.o.taraakeeb meiN ba'z aise bhee haiN jo :Ghalat.ul.aam faseeH: kee ta'reef meiN aate haiN, ya'nee yeh voh alfaaz.o.taraakeeb haiN jo aam taur se apne Ghalat talaffuz yaa ma'nee meiN musta'mil haiN lekin kasrat.e.istaimaal yaa asHaab.e.ilm.o.zabaan kee qubooliyat kee binaa par zabaan.o.bayaan meiN daaKhil ho gaye haiN aur ab darja.e.fasaaHat par faa'iz haiN.

is marHale par :fasaaHat: kee ta'reef munaasib ma'loom hotee hai:

:fasaaHat: kee mujmil ta'reef yeh hai k :lafz, fiqre yaa muHaavare ko is taraH istaimaal kiyaa jaaye jaise mustanad ahl.e.zabaan likhte yaa bolte haiN:. Seemaab Akbarabadi ne apne aik she'r meiN is ta'reef ko yooN bayaan kiyaa hai:

maiN faseeH.ul.kalaam hooN Seemaab
saaf suthraa kalaam hai meraa!

ahl.e.zabaan kaa tareeqa naapne kaa ko'ee mustaqil pemaana naheeN banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k zabaan vaqt aur Haalaat ke saath badaltee rehtee hai. chunaanche :fasaaHat: kaa tasavvur aur alfaaz aur fiqroN kaa faseeH yaa Ghair.faseeH qaraar diyaa jaanaa bhee zamaane ke saath badal saktaa hai.

is tamheed ke baat ab nafs.e.mazmoon kee jaanib tavajjuh kee jaatee hai.

4.5.4: Urdu meiN Arabee aur Farsi alfaaz

yeh baat kisee suboot kee muHtaaj naheeN hai k Urdu zabaan meiN Arabee aur Farsi ke bohat se alfaaz musta'mil haiN. in alfaaz ko moTe-moTe teen giroHoN meiN munqasim kiyaa jaa saktaa hai :

(1) aise alfaaz jin meiN kisee qism kee lafzee yaa ma'nvee tabdeelee naheeN kee gayee hai, ya'nee yeh Urdu meiN aakar bhee Arabee yaa Farsi kee apnee asl sahkl aur ma'nee meiN musta'mil haiN, maslan:

alam (=dukh), raqam (=likhnaa), maslak (=tareeqa), duniyaa vaGhaira.

aise sab alfaaz Urdu nazm.o.nasr ke muKhtalif asaaleeb meiN be.takalluf istaimaal kiye jaa sakte haiN.

(2) aise alfaaz jin meiN kisee qism kee lafzee tabdeelee kar ke Urdu meiN istaimaal kiyaa jaataa hai. yeh tabdeelee a'raab (zabar, zer, pesh) aur hai'at (shakl) donoN kee ho saktee hai. maslan:

:Half: (=pledge) ko :Halaf:
:Harf: (=letter) ko :Haraf:
:deevaanah: ko :divaanah:

keh diyaa jaataa hai. bohat se alfaaz kaa talaffuz badal diyaa gayaa hai maslan:

:mausim: (season)ko :mausam:
:moqif: (stand or point of view) ko :moqaf:
:moqi': (occasion) ko :moqa:
:molid: (jaa.e.paidaa'ish) ko :molad:

likh diyaa jaataa hai. yeh Ghalat talaffuz is qadar aam ho gaye haiN k in ko :Ghalat.ul.aam: kaa darja mil gayaa hai. aap Khud hee sochiye kitne log haiN jo yeh jaante bhee haiN k asl lafz :mausam: naheeN bal.k :mausim: hai? yehee Haal kuChh aur alfaaz kaa bhee hai. un kaa saHeeH aur Ghalat talaffuz neeche diyaa jaa rahaa hai:

:saiyyid: = sardaar : ko umooman :saiyyad: kahaa jaataa hai
:jaiyyid: = zabar.dast : ko umooman :jaiyyad: kahaa jaataa hai.
:maiyyit: = dead body : ko umooman :maiyyat: keh dete haiN.

aise beshtar alfaaz bhee :Ghalat.ul.aam faseeH: kee ta'reef meiN aate haiN.

(3) aise alfaaz jo Arabee aur Farsi se Urdu meiN muntaqil hote hue kisee ma'navee tabdeelee kaa shikaar ho gaye haiN, ya'nee apnee asl zabaan meiN un ke ma'nee kuChh aur the lekin Urdu meiN voh doosre ma'noN meiN musta’mil haiN. chaNd misaaleN darj.e.zel haiN:

:taraddud:, Arabee meiN :aamad.o.raft: ke liye bolaa jaataa hai aur Urdu meiN :fikr.o.tashveesh: ke liye.

:Khiffat:, Arabee meiN :kisee cheez kaa halkaa honaa: ke ma'nee meiN hai, aur Urdu meiN :sharmindigee: ke liye musta'mil hai.

:Ghurbat:, Arabee meiN :vatan se dooree: ke liye aur Urdu meiN isee ma'nee ke ilaava :muflisee: ke liye bhee musta'mil hai.

:raa'igaaN:, Farsi meiN :muft, be.daam: aur Urdu meiN :bekaar: ke ma'noN meiN liyaa jaataa hai.

:jahaaz:, Arabee meiN :saaz.o.saamaan: aur Urdu meiN :kashtee: ke liye musta'mil hai.

:auzaar:, Arabee meiN yeh jama' (plural) hai aur :bhaaree bojh: ke ma'nee rakhtaa hai lekin Urdu meiN vaaHid aur jama' donoN taraH musta'mil hai, neez :aalaat: ke ma'nee meiN istaimaal hotaa hai.

4.5.5: kuChh aur chaahiye vus'at mire bayaaN ke liye!

in teenoN iqsaam ke ilaava Urdu meiN bohat se alfaaz aise bhee haiN jo ahl.e.Urdu kee apnee iKhtiraa' aur eejaad haiN. unhoN ne Farsi aur Arabee ke qaa'idoN ko Hindustaanee alfaaz par istaimaal kar ke naye alfaaz banaaye haiN jo aam taur se bole aur likhe jaate haiN aur jin kee fasaaHat aur adab.o.she'r meiN un ke istaimaal ke javaaz yaa adam.javaaz kee jaanib ko'ee Khaas tavajjuh naheeN kee jaatee hai.

isee taraH sekRoN aise alfaaz bhee haiN jo Urdu kee zaroorat ke liHaaz se taraash liye gaye haiN aur ab voh zabaan.o.adab kaa Hissa ho kar reh gaye haiN. in alfaaz se bhee aksar.o.beshtar ta'arruz naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai. aise alfaaz kee chand misaaleN neeche dee jaa rahee haiN:

(a) kuChh alfaaz Arabee aur Farsi ke alfaaz meiN yaa.e.ma'roof (ChhoTee ye) lagaa kar nayee shakl meiN Dhaal liye gaye haiN jab.k aise naye alfaaz kaa matlab apnee asl shakl se muKhtalif naheeN hai, maslan:

:Ghalat: se :Ghalatee:
:taGhaaful: se :taGhaafulee:
:tuGhyaan: se :tuGhyaanee:
:adaa: se :adaa'ee:, vaGhaira.

saaf zaahir hai k in alfaaz kee tabdeel.shudah sooratoN ke baGhair bhee kaam ba.Khoobee chal saktaa thaa aur is :ijtiHaad: kee ko'ee Khaas zaroorat naheeN thee.

(b) in se ziyaadah dilchasp voh alfaaz haiN jo ba.zaat.e.Khud jama' (plural) haiN lekin avaam phir bhee un meiN kabhee kabhee :vav aur noon.e.Ghunaa: milaa kar :jama' kee jama': banaane se baaz naheeN aate haiN, maslan:

:aGhyaar: se :aGhyaaroN:
:kuffaar: se :kuffaroN:
:arvaaH: se :arvaaHoN:
:a'maal: se :a'maaloN:
:aasaar: se :aasaaroN:, vaGhaira.

zaahir hai k yeh saare alfaaz Ghair.faseeH haiN aur in kaa she'r.o.adab meiN istaimaal naa.qaabil.e.qubool hai.

(c) Arabee meiN alfaaz kee jama' banaane kaa aik tareeqa yeh hai k lafz ke aaKhir meiN :alif, tey: baRhaa dete haiN. Urdu vaaloN ne in se milte julte bohat se alfaaz isee tareeqe ko istaimaal karte hue maqaamee alfaaz se taraash liye haiN aur ab voh zabaaN.zad.e.aam.o.Khaas ho kar reh gaye haiN, maslan:

:jaageer: se :jaageeraat:
:bohat: se :bohtaat:
:baaGh: se :baaGhaat:
:deh: se :dehaat:
:jahaaz: se :jahaazaat:
:lavaazim: (zarooriaat) se :lavaazimaat:
:eHkaam: (Hukm kee jama') se :eHkaamaat:

(d) bohat se alfaaz voh haiN jo :chooN chooN kaa murabba: kahe jaa sakte haiN aur hamaaree zarooratoN ke liHaaz se banaa liye gaye haiN. in kaa aik Hissa kabhee kabhee Arabee yaa Farsi hotaa hai aur doosraa :desi:. ham aap in ko rozaana hee be.takalluf istaimaal karte haiN aur in meiN se aksar sher.o.adab kaa Hissa bhee ban gaye haiN. chand misaaleN dekhiye:

lafzee, Harfee, ghamanDee, peshgee, josheelaa, taraHdaar, vaza'daar, samajhdaar, taabe'daar, shoqeen, buzdilaa, asraanah (seh pehr kaa naashta), ishaa'iyah (raat kaa khaanaa), Khushaamadee, vaGhaira.

(e) kuChh alfaaz aise bhee haiN jo Farsi yaa Arabee ke tareeqoN par mabnee qiyaas se banaa liye gaye haiN aur ab aam taur par musta'mil haiN. yeh zaroor hai k ahl.e.zabaan in ko istaimaal karte hue iHtiyaat barat.tey haiN k Arabee aur Farsi taraakeeb meiN inehN na istaimaal kiyaa jaaye, lekin is kee paabandee bhee saKhtee se naheeN hotee hai.

alfaaz ke istaimaal kaa aam usool yeh hai k she'r.o.adab meiN :Ghalat.ul.avaam: alfaaz, fiqroN aur muHaavaroN se mutlaq parhez kiyaa jaaye lekin :Ghalat.ul.aam faseeH: alfaaz ke istaimaal meiN ko'ee muzaa'iqa naheeN hai, jab.k :Ghalat.ul.aam Ghair.faseeH: (maslan :mashkoor: ba.ma'nee :mamnoon:) ma'yoob aur qaabil.e.tark hai.

4.5.5: Khudaa se kyaa sitam.o.jaur.e.naaKhudaa kahiye!

is saaree beHs kaa aik nihaayat dilchasp pehloo yeh hai k bohat se :Ghalat.ul.avaam: aur :Ghalat.ul.aam Ghair.faseeH: alfaaz asaatiza ke yahaaN nazar aa jaate haiN. in ko dekh kar Hairat hotee hai k aisaa kyoN kiyaa gayaa hai. ba'z maqaamaat par aisee faash Ghalatee nazar aatee hai k asaatiza ke maqaam kaa liHaaz karte hue sivaa'e Khaamoshee ko'ee aur chaara naheeN reh jaataa hai. zel meiN chand misaaleN dee jaa rahee haiN jo Molana Hasrat Mohani kee kitaab :nikaat.e.suKhan: se lee gayee haiN:

(1) Khudaa.e.suKhan Mir Taqi Mir ko dekhiye k kyaa kehte haiN:

taaboot miraa der uThaa us kee galee se
isbaat huaa jurm.e.muHabbat kaa isee se

in tuyoroN se hooN maiN bhee agar aatee hai sabaa
baaGh ke chaaroN taraf aag lagaa dete haiN

:isbaat huaa: ya'nee :saabit huaa: avaam kaa muHaavara hai. isee taraH :tuyoor: jama' hai :taa'ir: (parindah) kee chunaache :tuyoroN: kehnaa isee taraH Ghalat aur ma'yoob hai jaise :sho'raaoN: yaa :ulmaa'oN: likhnaa!

isee taraH dekhiye Sauda kyaa keh rahe haiN!

too to is ma'nee se kyaa shaad huaa hovegaa
pooChiye ahl.e.diloN se k voh kyaa karte haiN!

tujh ko faqat chiraaGh.e.shaam, DhooNDhe naheeN hai gahr.ba.ghar
phirtee hai baad.e.subHgaah, Khaana.ba.Khaana, koo.ba.koo!

is chashm kaa Ghamza jo kare qatl.e.do.aalam
goshey ko nigah ke naheeN parvaah kisee kee

pehle she'r meiN :ahl.e.dil: kee jagah :ahl.e.diloN: hai jo bilkul avaamee zabaan hai aur isee liye Ghalat!

doosre she'r meiN :ghar ghar: kee jagah :ghar.ba.ghar: baaNdhaa hai. yeh bhee Ghalat.ul.avaam hai aur naa.qqabil.e.qubool maanaa jaataa hai.

teesre she'r meiN :parvaah: likhaa gayaa hai jab.k asl lafz :parvaa: hai (baGhair hey ke). yeh bhee avaam kee zabaan hai aur ahl.e.zabaan is se parhez karte haiN. Ghalib kehte haiN k:

na sitaayish kee tamannaa, na siley kee parvaa
gar naheeN haiN mire ash'aar meiN ma'nee na sahee!

Ghalat.ul.avaam kee chand aur misaaleN Haazir.e.Khidmat haiN:

na phool ab is qadar bulbul guloN kee aashnaa'ee par
k ab ahe.e.chaman haNste haiN teree aHmaqaa'ee par! (Shah Hatim)

maiN dekhaa Khaak thaa baatin meiN jooN chob.e.kiram.Khurdah
ba.zaahir garche nazroN meiN tiraa beemaar behtar thaa (Qa'im Chandpuri)

bas kar sitam.eejaad k aalam meiN qiyaamat
barpaa hai tire dast.e.tazallum se ziyaadah (Shah Naseer)

daaman.e.gul se bhee halkaa vazan.e.daaman hai
is pe bhee baar usey ik shikan.e.daaman hai (Tanveer Dehlavi)

jazba.e.dil ne mire kuChh to karee hai taaseer
phir huee un kee jo altaaf.o.inaayaat shuroo' (Tanveer Dehlavi)

nazar.e.lutf.o.karam aur hai aGhyaaroN per
zulm kee aur nigaaheN haiN vafaa.daaroN per (Ashiq Dehlavi)

pehlee misaal meiN Shah Hatim jaise ustaad.e.fun :Humq: (aHmaq.pan) kee jagah :aHmaqaa'ee: likh rahe haiN jo bilkul avaamee lafz hai aur saraasar Ghair faseeH!

doosre she'r meiN Qa'im Chandpuri :kiram KhurdaH: baaNdh rahe haiN jab.k saHeeH lafz :kirm Khurdah: (ya'nee :jis ko keeRe khaa gaye hoN:) hai! yeh bhee Ghalat.ul.avaam hai aur is liye ma'yoob!

Shah Naseer :zulm: kee bajaaye :tazallum: likhte haiN jo Ghalat hai.

is se aage jaaiye to Tanveer Dehlavi :vazan: (ze par zabar ke saath) likh rahe haiN HaalaaN.k saHeeH lafz :vazn: (ze saakin) hai! agle she'r meiN Tanveer :kee: kee bajaaye :karee: likhte haiN aur yeh :Ghalat.ul.awaam: hai.

Ashiq Dehlavi :aGhyaar: kee jagah :aGhyaaroN: nazm karte haiN jo
Ghalat.ul.avaam hai aur Ghair.faseeH hee naheeN bal.k naa.qaabil.e.qubool bhee hai!

is qism kee GhalatiyaaN ChhoTe shaa'iroN se sarzad ho jaayen to aik baat hai lekin jab asaatiza is laGhzish ke murtakib hoN to taraH taraH ke Khayaalaat dil meiN aate haiN. dekhiye aur chand sho'raa, ba.shamool.e.Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlavi, kyaa kehte haiN:

a'daa ke ta'ashshuq meiN sabhee kuChh hai gaNvaayaa
pehlaa saa voh andaaz.o.adaa naaz kahaaN hai (Ashiq Dehlavi)

shakl.e.aslee se kabhee raNg tabaddul na huaa
GhuNcha gul ho ke khilaa, gul kabhee bulbul na huaa (Dagh Dehlavi)

pehle she'r meiN :ishq: kee jagah :ta'ashshuq: aur doosre meiN :tabdeelee: kee bajaaye :tabaddul: avaam kee zabaan hai.

Dagh ke is she'r per Hasrat Mohani ne yooN tanqeed kee hai:

:tabdeel: ke bajaaye :tabaddul: juhalaa kee zabaan hai. ta'ajjub hai k Dagh ne is ko kyoN.kar jaa'iz kiyaa!:

Hafiz Jaunpuri ke do ash'aar aur sun leejiye :

yeh sunte the tark.e.muHabbat hai mushkil
ba.jabran magar us ko bhee kar ke dekhaa (Hafiz Jaunpuri)

:ba.jabran: ko :jabran: kee jagah likhnaa saHeeH naheeN hai!

ajal kee be.ruKhee ne maar Daalaa
taveel.e.zindigee ne maar Daalaa (Hafiz Jaunpuri)

"tool.e.zindigee: saHeeH hai aur :taveel.e.zindigee: saraasar Ghalat.ul.avaam!

4.5.6: iKhtitaamiyah

darj.e.baalaa beHs.o.tamhees se Ghalat.ul.aam, Ghalat.ul.aam-faseeH aur Ghalat.ul.awaam ke farq kee vazaaHat maqsood hai. is farq ko samajhnaa aur phir is kaa apnee shaa'iree meiN istaimaal karnaa taKhleeqaat ke Husn aur me'yaar donoN meiN izaafe kaa baa'is hogaa aur unheN GhalatiyoN se paak rakhne meiN muaavin bhee hogaa. agar asaatiza ke yahaaN ba'z auqaat aisee hee ko'ee Ghalatee nazar aa jaaye to us kee taqleed karnaa aur Ghalatul.awaam ko saHeeH samajh leney kaa javaaz naheeN hai. asaatiza kee taqleed kaa matlab un se sarzad hone vaalee aGhlaat kee peravee karnaa hargiz naheeN ho saktaa hai.
====================================================================

The copyright of the contents of these articles belongs to the writer. The articles or parts thereof may not be copied, quoted or used otherwise without prior consent of the writer.